As tenured Professor of Anglo-American Law at the University of Tokyo, cross-appointed with the University of Sydney Law School, I am happy to attend the 63rd annual Symposium of the Japanese-American Society for Legal Studies, a venerable association led by my uTOkyo colleague sharing the same Chair – Prof Masayuki Tamaruya. The conference will be hosted on Sunday 28 June at Kwansei Gakuin University (established in 1889 with support from the South Methodist Episcopal Church in the US, plus the Canadian Methodist Church from 1910, now a highly-regarded non-denominational Christian private university). Registration and other details (in Japanese) can be found HERE, including abstracts of two presentations in English (by NYU Adjunct Prof Bruce Aronson, then UC Berkeley Prof Adam Badawi), and four in Japanese that (Claude and) I have translated as below along with an overview of the conference, which is focused on “Anti-ESG Policy in the United States and the Current State of ‘ESG Investing'”.
I am very much interested in learning more about the latest ESG developments in the US, beyond the often breathless media reports, not least because my eldest daughter Moana Nottage is a senior analyst for ESG investments in an Australian fund manager. Some of my own joint research led by USyd Prof Jeanne Huang has been focused instead on how the EU has been trying (with emerging controversy) to impose its norms around ESG by mandating carbon intensity and other “responsible sourcing” data disclosures through “digital product passports” associated with (initially) EV batteries imported into the the EU. These requirements, extending up the supply chain to eg lithium mines in Australia and manufacturers and recyclers particularly in Asia, are supposed to apply from February 2027, as we critically analysed in a recent journal special issue article HERE. The requirements seem quite likely now to be delayed and/or pared back in scope due to criticisms from various stakeholders about this regime, and others that the EU has tried to impose on the corporate sector in recent years to save the planet – and its economic bloc, especially perhaps against China. Jeanne also led a UN White Paper project comparing also other ESG-related traceability regimes for critical raw materials, and more broadly still we have recently submitted a major grant application and a proposal for a pioneering book to a major legal publisher.
“Anti-ESG Policy in the United States and the Current State of ‘ESG Investing'” (Outline of the conference, led by Aoyama University Prof Yoichiro Hamabe)
The purpose of this symposium is to examine the current situation surrounding anti-ESG policies in the United States and ESG investing, and to explore ways in which Japan and other countries can move forward in encouraging corporate behavioral change that takes ESG considerations into account.
The attacks on ESG by the second Trump administration have had a significant global impact, and scrutiny of ESG investing has grown increasingly severe. Even within the legal field, debates surrounding corporate responses to ESG issues and ESG investing have become deeply complex.
From the outset, legal discourse on ESG investing has developed primarily around disclosure regulation in securities markets; however, the merits of such regulation extend beyond policy debates at the legislative level, inevitably raising questions about consistency with the fundamental theory of corporate law. In other words, foundational questions — such as the purpose of the corporation and for whom the corporate institution exists — are once again being called into debate, prompted by the rise of ESG investing. Furthermore, against the backdrop of issues surrounding financial markets and supply chains, as well as growing geopolitical risks, the legal questions around ESG investing now extend far beyond securities law and corporate law into a wide range of policy domains.
ESG investing in the United States had already been functioning poorly since the Biden administration, beset by a range of serious problems. Underlying this are structural and social factors inherent to the United States that make it difficult to advance ESG investing within the country’s basic institutional framework.
In light of this, the symposium aims to contribute to future discussions on ESG investing by examining the key legal and policy issues surrounding ESG — including those in corporate law — with reference to the situation in the United States, where anti-ESG policy movements are particularly pronounced, and by asking each presenter to consider how companies should approach ESG-related challenges going forward.
- “Why Did ESG Investing Fail in the United States?” Yoichiro Hamabe (Professor, School of Law, Aoyama Gakuin University)
Japan has looked to the ESG investment frameworks led by the EU and the United States as reference points; however, the tightening of disclosure regulation through hard law in the United States has not necessarily led to the resolution of ESG issues or to changes in corporate behavior. Indeed, it has itself become a cause of significant setbacks, and cracks are beginning to show in the EU’s own efforts as well.
This presentation examines the concept of shareholder primacy, shareholders’ participatory rights at general meetings, the structure of executive compensation regulation, the pursuit of liability for breach of duty arising from inadequate responses to ESG issues, capital market discipline, administrative regulation, and geopolitical and social factors — drawing on selected Japan-US comparisons — in order to analyze the background and causes of the failure of ESG investing in the United States. Drawing on the lessons derived from this analysis, the presentation will consider strategies for advancing ESG through measures such as revisiting approaches grounded in soft law and principles-based regulation.
- “Sustainable Investment and the Influence of Evangelicalism in the US” Hiroyuki Bandō (Professor, School of Law, Nagoya Gakuin University)
ESG initiatives in the United States have undergone repeated shifts with each change of administration. Since the first Trump administration, modifications to direction and policy — driven primarily by Republican administrations — have become increasingly pronounced across three main areas: (1) Department of Labor rules on ESG investing under ERISA (the Fiduciary Rule); (2) responses to the Paris Agreement; and (3) ESG disclosure by the SEC (covering both listed companies and investment managers).
This presentation analyzes the influence of SEC disclosure rules on ESG investing, with reference to Evangelical doctrine — which has supported the Republican Party and has shaped foundational values such as the view that the purpose of the corporation lies in maximizing shareholder returns
- “The Law and Politics of ‘ESG and Corporate Governance’ in the United States” Sōichirō Kozuka (Professor, School of Law, Gakushuin University)
Taking as its starting point the tendency in US corporate law to place excessive dogmatic emphasis on the principle of shareholder primacy, this presentation examines how the approach taken by pro-ESG corporate law scholars in the United States differs from debates on “ESG and corporate governance” in other regions such as Europe, and considers the characteristics of “anti-ESG” legislation that has been enacted in certain states against a backdrop of political polarization.
- The Development of Japanese and US Debates on ESG and Directors’ Duties Hajime Goto (Professor, Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, University of Tokyo)
Debates surrounding ESG and directors’ duties can be divided into two categories: those concerning whether directors are permitted to take ESG factors into account in relation to the principle of shareholder primacy, and those going further, concerning whether directors bear an affirmative duty to consider ESG factors. Drawing on this distinction, and focusing in particular on the question of how to respond to ESG-related risk disclosures, this presentation analyzes the development of debates on this issue in both Japan and the United States.
